Military and police agencies usually are not made liable under dog bite statutes, but other legal causes of action (such as negligence) can establish liability for attacks by military and police dogs. The special characteristics of military dogs are examined in Unleashing the Dogs of War: Using Military Working Dogs to Apprehend Enemy Combatants, Major Charles T. Kirchmaier, The Army Lawyer, Department of the Army Pamphlet 20-50-401, October 2006.